ABSTRACT
En la presente revisión bibliográfica se hace referencia del ácido fólico, vitamina perteneciente al complejo B,cuya ingestión en etapa preconcepcional contribuye a la prevención de defectos congénitos y otros problemas relacionados con la salud del ser humano. El Ácido Fólico (AF) es necesario para la formación de proteínas estructurales y hemoglobina. La deficiencia de AF es la condición en que cuerpo carece de reservas adecuadas de vitamina B9. Durante toda la gestación se debe ingerir AF, debido al continuo proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo del embrión y feto, donde el AF participa en la metilación del ADN, proceso imprescindible para la constante división y crecimiento celular. El cierre de neuroporos del tubo neural ocurre antes que finalice el primer mes de embarazo. Cuando la mujer se da cuenta que está embarazada, las consecuencias de una dieta deficiente en AF ya habrán mostrado sus consecuencias, provocando varias deformaciones congénitas denominadas malformaciones por Defectos de cierre del Tubo Neural (DTN). La ingesta de AF debe recomendarse en toda la vida reproductiva de la mujer (pubertad-antes de menopausia), esto evita el aumento de la homocisteína; productor importante de DTN...
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Folic Acid/therapeutic use , Congenital Abnormalities , Neural Tube/embryology , Fetal Mortality , Body Patterning/geneticsABSTRACT
Trata del cuestión relativas la cuerpo y representación.
Subject(s)
Science/history , Eugenics/history , Body Patterning/genetics , Latin America/ethnology , BiotypologyABSTRACT
The putative regulatory relationships between Antennapedia (Antp), spalt major (salm) and homothorax (hth) are tested with regard to the sensitive period of antenna-to-leg transformations. Although Antp expression repressed hth as predicted, contrary to expectations, hth did not show increased repression at higher Antp doses, whereas salm, a gene downstream of hth, did show such a dose response. Loss of hth allowed antenna-to-leg transformations but the relative timing of proximal-distal transformations was reversed, relative to transformations induced by ectopic Antp. Finally, overexpression of Hth was only partially able to rescue transformations induced by ectopic Antp. These results indicate that there may be additional molecules involved in antenna/leg identity and that spatial, temporal and dosage relationships are more subtle than suspected and must be part of a robust understanding of molecular network behaviour involved in determining appendage identity in Drosophila melanogaster.
Subject(s)
Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein/genetics , Body Patterning/genetics , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Embryo, Nonmammalian , Gene Dosage/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Gene Regulatory Networks/physiology , Genetic Complementation Test , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics , Models, Biological , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in Drosophila is a complex process which involves the action of maternal and zygotically expressed genes. Interspecific differences in the expression pattern of some of these genes have been described in other species. Here we present the expression of dorsal-ventral genes during early embryogenesis in the lower dipteran Rhynchosciara americana. The expression of four genes, the ventralizing genes snail (sna) and twist (twi) and the dorsalizing genes decapentaplegic (dpp) and zerknüllt (zen), was investigated by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Sense and antisense mRNA were transcribed in vitro using UTP-digoxigenin and hybridized at 55°C with dechorionated fixed embryos. Staining was obtained with anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody revealed with NBT-BCIP solution. The results showed that, in general, the spatial-temporal expression of R. americana dorsal-ventral genes is similar to that observed in Drosophila, where twi and sna are restricted to the ventral region, while dpp and zen are expressed in the dorsal side. The differences encountered were subtle and probably represent a particular aspect of dorsal-ventral axis determination in R. americana. In this lower dipteran sna is expressed slightly later than twi and dpp expression is expanded over the lateral ectoderm during cellular blastoderm stage. These data suggest that the establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in R. americana embryos follows a program similar to that observed in Drosophila melanogaster.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Body Patterning/genetics , Central Nervous System/embryology , Diptera/embryology , Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics , Genes, Insect/genetics , Diptera/genetics , Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology , In Situ Hybridization , RNA, Messenger/geneticsABSTRACT
Activation of NFkappaB plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes such as inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. In Drosophila, nuclear translocation of the NFkappaB-related transcription factor Dorsal is spatially regulated in order to subdivide the embryo into three primary dorsal-ventral (DV) domains: the ventral presumptive mesoderm, the lateral neuroectoderm and the dorsal ectoderm. Ventral activation of the Toll receptor induces degradation of the IkappaB-related inhibitor Cactus, liberating Dorsal for nuclear translocation. In addition, other pathways have been suggested to regulate Dorsal. Signaling through the maternal BMP member Decapentaplegic (Dpp) inhibits Dorsal translocation along a pathway parallel to and independent of Toll. In the present study, we show for the first time that the maternal JAK/STAT pathway also regulates embryonic DV patterning. Null alleles of loci coding for elements of the JAK/STAT pathway, hopscotch (hop), marelle (mrl) and zimp (zimp), modify zygotic expression along the DV axis. Genetic analysis suggests that the JAK kinase Hop, most similar to vertebrate JAK2, may modify signals downstream of Dpp. In addition, an activated form of Hop results in increased levels of Cactus and Dorsal proteins, modifying the Dorsal/Cactus ratio and consequently DV patterning. These results indicate that different maternal signals mediated by the Toll, BMP and JAK/STAT pathways may converge to regulate NFkappaB activity in Drosophila.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Body Patterning , DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology , Drosophila Proteins/physiology , Drosophila/embryology , Nuclear Proteins/physiology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Phosphoproteins/physiology , Trans-Activators/physiology , Transcription Factors/physiology , Body Patterning/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Drosophila/genetics , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Immunoblotting , NF-kappa B/physiology , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Phosphoproteins/genetics , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Trans-Activators/genetics , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
A distribuição dis colágenos tipos I e II foi estudada no desenvolvimento do corpo vertebral, ao nível dos membros superiores, de embriões de Gallus gallus domesticus, L no período de dois a 21 dias (estádio 14 a estádio 46 de Hamburger e Hamilton) de incubação e de animais pós-eclosão, utilizando o método avidina-biotina marcada com enzima peroxidase (método Lab)em espécimes fixados e inclídos em parafina. Inicialmente (estádios 17-22), as reações com os anticorpos anticolágeno tipo I e antifibronectina foram muito intensas na matriz extracelular do esclerotoma em migração, e fraca com anticorpo anticolágeno tipo II, a qual foi intensa na membrana basal do notocórdio e do tubo neural. Mais adiante (estádios 25-27) foram obtidas fortes reações com os anticorpos anticolágeno tipo I e antifibronectina bem como positividade muito intensa com o anticorpo anticolágeno tipo II. Pelo estádio 32, as reações com os anticorpos anticolágeno tipo I e antifibronectina diminuíram, excetuando-se no pericõndrio, onde o colágeno tipo II apresentou reação intensa, com o anticorpo específico, em áreas de condrificação. Ao final (estádios 40-46), foi observada positiviade muito intensa, para todos os anticorpos estudados, as áreas de hipertrofia dos condrócitos (começando pelo estádio 36). Nas trabéculas ósseas (começando polo estádio 41), a positividade restringiu-se aos anti-corpos anticolágeno tipo I e antibronectina. Este mesmo padrão foi observado nos espécimes pós-eclosão. Esses resultados sugerem um papel ativo para as macromeléculs da matriz extracelular nos processos de migração, condrogênese e osteogênese. As células notocordais e o epitélio do tubo neural induzem a migração das células mesenquimais, que sintetizamcolágeno tipo I e fibronectina durante os processos de migração e condogênese precose e colágeno tipo II na diferenciação ondrogênica. A particiapçaõ dos colágenos tipos I e II mais a fibronectina é essencial na etapa de condro-apoptose da osteogênese